Map of the moons south pole 85 polarstereographic projection scale true at pole scale. The map is centered on the south pole and shows the lola 20m elevation product between 80s and the pole nasa goddard space flight center. This perspective projection views the globe from an infinite distance. The mercator and stereographic projections, and many in. A map projection is any of many methods used in cartography mapmaking to represent the twodimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane. Stereographic projection falls into the second category. Apr 25, 2017 the north to south stretching equals east to west but grows with latitude faster than east to west stretching in the case of central cylindrical projection. Apr 25, 2017 the map resorts to mathematics to curtail three major types of distortion area, direction, and distance and hence the german term for triple, tripel, is in the name. Stereographic projection is one way of making maps, and it adopts the second strategy. The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level. A map projection is the transformation of earths curved surface or a portion of onto a twodimensional flat surface by means of mathematical equations.
The equidistant conic projection is used in atlases for portraying midlatitude areas. The variables in map projection light source projection surface projection orientation or aspect g s o t o n p cyl cone varieties of geometric projections we will come back to this graphic later in the lecture map projection distorts reality a sphere is not a developable solid. The south pole mosaic images were acquired from august 10, 2010 to september 19, 2010, and. Most maps adopt one of two possible strategiesthat areas are preserved or that angles are preserved. In drawing a map of a sphere some compromises must be made. There are many different ways to project a map with each projection having various advantages and disadvantages. Delete the north pole n 0, 0, 2 from now imagine that there is a light source at the north pole, and for each point p of. One of the most common ways to use this approach is through a polar projection from the north or south.
Characteristics of map projections elements represented property of the projection. Azimuthal or planar projection are of three different types. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. It was originally known as the planisphere projection. The stereographic map projection is most useful for maps of polar regions for navigation purposes or large continentsized areas of similar extent in all directions.
Indeed, it is a nearmythical location, a place of extremes high altitude, intense cold and very low humidity where the blinding sun remains above the horizon for months at a time, then plunges beneath it. Planisphaerium by ptolemy is the oldest surviving document that describes it. A single point, usually the north or the south pole, is defined by degrees of latitude. The stereographic projection defined on a quadric surface that we just introduced has some drawbacks for modeling and analyzing rational curves and surface patches on the quadric. South pole globe pdf map plus includes, black outline pdf printable blank maps. An azimuthal projection is a map of the world that has useful properties because all points on the map are at proportionally correct distances from its center point. The stereographic map projection is another ancient projection, dating back to the second century b.
Although the projection procedure inevitably introduces systematic spatial distortions, particular types of distortion can be minimized to suit the geographic scope and intended use of the map data. The stereographic map projection is conformal but not. The printable, blank, unlabeled, outline maps in this collection can be freely printed out and photocopied by a teacher or parent for use in a classroom or for home school lessons. Satellitedetermined spheroids are replacing the older groundmeasured spheroids. The term projection here refers to any function defined on the earths surface and with values on the plane, and not necessarily a geometric projection. The map is centered on the south pole and shows the lola 20m elevation product between 85s and the pole nasa goddard space flight center. World and globe pdf maps, individual, printable, blank. The term planisphere is still used to refer to such charts. Explore south pole holidays and discover the best time and places to visit. If pis a point on the sphere, its projection is the intersection qof the line through the south pole and the point p with that plane. One of its most important uses was the representation of celestial charts. The subsections below describe the stereographic projection properties. The function of this extreme projection is that, regardless of the conformal and area distortion, an accurate presentation of distance and direction from the center point is maintained. In this the great circles are not as obvious as with the two polar maps above, but the same principle applies.
When a map projection is in effect, the data coordinates for the current graphics window or device correspond to longitude xaxis and latitude yaxis in fractional degrees, and the oplot, plots, xyouts, and contour procedures plot in terms of longitude and latitude. Planar perspective projection, viewed from infinity. World robinson projection, north america with countries, canada with provinces, united state of america with states, and several world projections. Printable map jpeg pdf and editable vector map of world political azimuthal equidistant south pole antarctica centered showing countries with names, lakes, grid and physical features. A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface. It is good for representing regions with a few degrees of latitude lying on ore side of the equator. Im wondering if i do or dont need to make these all match for the purpose of using them with tools that dont do onthefly projecting such as hawths tools or for use within the program r. Gridlines show latitude and longitude in 30degree increments. The southern hemisphere of enceladus is seen in this polar stereographic map, mosaicked from the bestavailable cassini and voyager clearfilter images. North and south pole map the azimuthal equidistant projection is a type of map projection. The azimuthal equidistant projection is a type of map projection. The mercator and stereographic projections, and many in between. This gives the illusion of a threedimensional globe. A conic projection is the earths surface projected onto a map formed into a cone.
Northsouth scale increases at the same rate as the eastwest scale. C to leave room for grid labels along the top of the projection border. Understanding map projections landing page for kartoweb. Remaining gaps were filled with images acquired at other times with similar lighting conditions robinson and others, 2012. Our world and globe maps are great for coloring, homeschool, and learning about the world. The stereographic projection maps the sphere from one of the poles onto a plane parallel to. Emblem of the united nations containing a polar azimuthal equidistant projection. A coordinate reference system crs then defines, with the help of coordinates, how the twodimensional, projected map in your gis is related to real places on the earth.
The line of latitude midway between the poles, the horizontal axis, is. It has been used since ancient times for this purpose, and at least one of its basic geometrical properties was known even then. Commonly used map projections intergovernmental committee. It has been used since ancient times for this purpose, and at least one of its basic. Learn and color the basic geographic layout of the world with our world projections pdf maps and globes collection of unlabeled, blank, printable, individual pdf maps. Hi, i have three datasets which each have a variation of the stereographic south pole projection.
The south pole mosaic images were acquired from august 10, 2010 to september 19, 2010, and the north pole images were acquired from april 22, 2010 to may 19, 2010. Topographic map of the moons south pole 85s to pole this map is based on data released by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter lunar orbiter laser altimeter lola. Mercator projection is an example of cylindrical projection which became a standard map projection. Stereographic is a planar perspective projection, viewed from the point on the globe opposite the point of. The stereographic map projection is shown centered on the south pole. Equator or along two parallels equidistant from the. They make for very interesting discussions and help students understand the political nature of maps. The northerly continents are stretched to absurd proportions. For example, the new standard spheroid for north america is the geodetic reference system of 1980 grs 1980, whose radii are 6,378,7.
Amundsenscott station, management zones and sectors projection. A projected coordinate systems pdf file which contains lists of supported pcs. With azimuthal planar projections, the spherical globe grid is projected onto a flat plane, thus it is also called a plane projection. In the extreme, a polaraspect projection centered on the north pole will represent the south pole as its largest outermost circle. More precisely, a map projection requires a transformation.
Each map comes as an individual pdf file that can be printed out. Map projections may be defined in idl direct graphics. Longitude values are measured relative to the prime meridian. Usa maps and the 50 usa states pdf map sets for homeschool. Usually one cares about either the area or the angle. The stereographic projection was known to hipparchus, ptolemy and probably earlier to the egyptians. When the projection is centered at the earths north or south pole, it has additional desirable properties. The mercator projection was used for its portrayal of direction and shape, so it was helpful to the sailors of that time. They range from 180 when traveling west to 180 when traveling east. This type of projection usually tangent to the globe at one point, but may be secant. Pdf in this paper, we introduce some known map projections from a. Azimuthal projections with azimuthal projections, the uv plane is tangent to the globe. For our purpose it is best to project from the south pole sonto the plane tangent at the north pole n. An azimuthal equidistant projection about the south pole extending all the way to the north pole.
This booklet provides a conceptual introduction to map projections and geographic reference systems. Topographic map of the moons south pole 80s to pole this map is based on data released by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter lunar orbiter laser altimeter lola. The arctic projection is used sometimes, for example in the flag of the united nations. The shape of the earth and the geodetic datum concept are covered on pages 46. The north to south stretching equals east to west but grows with latitude faster than east to west stretching in the case of central cylindrical projection. The title string has a carriagereturn font positioning code appended. Shape is relatively accurate on such projections, and straight lines drawn on them approximate great circle routes if distances are not great. Map projections try to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat piece of paper or computer screen. In the polar aspect, the meridians project as straight lines originating at the pole and all angles between them are true. But because map projections can distort one or more of the properties of size, shape, distance, area, or direction, the cartographer must choose the projection to. The mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the.
The azimuthal equidistant projection is an azimuthal map projection. Reference systems of maps and geographic information systems of. This map projection shows greenland as the same size as argentina, and not as the size of all of south america. The mercator projection is fundamentally cylindrical. Taking the unit sphere s 2 for example, suppose that the center of projection is at the north pole n 0, 0, 1, 1 and the plane of projection is z 0. Stereographic projection has important applications in both physics and mathematics. The decision as to which map projection and coordinate reference system to use. Herz 1885, hammer 1889, vital 1903, zoppritz and bludau 1912.
Jun 06, 2017 this type of projection usually tangent to the globe at one point, but may be secant. Globes with the prime meridian, western and eastern hemispheres labeled. The poles are the normal aspect the viewpoint or perspective which results in the simplest projected grid for this family of projections. World maps used for general reference use the winkel tripel projection. It was constructed by leveling snow and filling in crevasses, but is not paved.
If the prime meridian is at greenwich, then australia, which is south of the equator and east of greenwich, has positive longitude values and negative latitude values. Mercator projection is an example of cylindrical projection which became a standard map projection because of its ability to represent lines of steady course. In general, it is not possible to map a portion of the sphere into the plane without introducing some distortion. The south pole traverse, also called the mcmurdosouth pole highway, is an approximately 995milelong 1,601 km compacted snow road in antarctica that links the united statess mcmurdo station on the coast to the amundsenscott south pole station. It sends meridians to rays emanating from the origin and parallels to circles centered at the origin. During such transformation, the angular geographic coordinates latitude, longitude referencing positions on the surface of the earth are converted to cartesian coordinates x, y. That is, the plane is normally placed above the north or south pole. A coordinate system, datum, and map projection are all components of the coordinate reference system for a spatial object. Although they can represent size, shape, distance and directions of the earth features with reasonable accuracy, globes are not practical or suitable for many applications. Lunar south pole atlas lunar and planetary institute. An azimuthal equidistant projection about the north pole extending all the way to the south pole. The issue of map projection aspects was analysed by scientists a long time ago e. The map is centered on the south pole and surface coverage extends to the equator. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems.
These are blank, outline, printable, unlabeled maps perfect to color. The mercator projection is a cylindrical projection that was developed for navigation purposes. Distortion in size and area near the projection limit appears more realistic than almost any other projection, except the vertical nearside perspective. Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages. South pole north pole geoid ellipsoid the geographic positions of. The antarctic projection, on the right, centered around the south pole, only shows africa, south america, australia and antarctica more or less in the right shape. A useful application for this type of projection is a polar projection in which all distances measured from the center of the map along any longitudinal line are accurate. The point of contact may be north pole, south pole, a point on the equatorial or any point in between. It is also modeled more accurately as an oblate spheroid or an ellipsoid. Maps that place the south pole at the top of the map, or asia at the centre, are available for purchase or are accessible online. The point of tangency is projected onto the center of the plane and its latitude and longitude are the points at the center of the map projection, respectively.
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